2020. 3. 6. 20:53ㆍ카테고리 없음
The is a collection of in the North Pacific. Is that ends up in oceans, seas, and other large bodies of water.The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, also known as the Pacific trash, spans waters from the West of North America to Japan. The patch is actually comprised of the Western Garbage Patch, located near Japan, and the Eastern Garbage Patch, located between the U.S. States of Hawaii and California.These areas of spinning debris are linked together by the North Pacific Subtropical, located a few hundred kilometers north of Hawaii. This convergence zone is where warm water from the South Pacific meets up with cooler water from the. The zone acts like a that moves debris from one patch to another.The entire Great Pacific Garbage Patch is bounded by the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) defines a gyre as a large system of swirling ocean currents.
Increasingly, however, it also refers to the garbage patch / a vortex of waste and debris broken down into small particles in the ocean. The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre is formed by four currents rotating clockwise around an area of 20 million square kilometers (7.7 million square miles): the California, the North Equatorial current, the Kuroshio current, and the North Pacific current.The area in the center of a gyre tends to be very calm. The circular motion of the gyre draws debris into this stable center, where it becomes trapped. A plastic water bottle discarded off the coast of California, for instance, takes the California Current south toward Mexico. There, it may catch the North Equatorial Current, which crosses the vast Pacific. Near the coast of Japan, the bottle may north on the powerful Kuroshiro Current.
Finally, the bottle travels westward on the North Pacific Current. The gently rolling vortexes of the Eastern and Western Garbage Patches gradually draw in the bottle.The amount of debris in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch accumulates because much of it is not. Many plastics, for instance, do not wear down; they simply break into tinier and tinier pieces.For many people, the idea of a “garbage patch” conjures up images of an of trash floating on the ocean.
In reality, these patches are almost entirely made up of tiny bits of plastic, called microplastics. Microplastics can’t always be seen by the naked eye. Even doesn’t show a giant patch of garbage. The microplastics of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch can simply make the water look like a cloudy soup. This soup is intermixed with larger items, such as fishing gear and shoes.The beneath the Great Pacific Garbage Patch may also be an underwater trash heap. Oceanographers and ecologists recently discovered that about 70% of marine debris actually sinks to the bottom of the ocean.While oceanographers and climatologists predicted the existence of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, it was a racing boat captain by the name of Charles Moore who actually discovered the trash vortex. Moore was sailing from Hawaii to California after competing in a race.
Crossing the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, Moore and his crew noticed millions of pieces of plastic surrounding his ship.Marine DebrisNo one knows how much debris makes up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre is too large for scientists to. In addition, not all of the trash floats on the surface. Denser debris can sink centimeters or even several meters beneath the surface, making the vortex’s area nearly impossible to.About 54 percent of the debris in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch comes from land-based activities in North America and Asia. The remaining 20 percent of debris in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch comes from boaters, oil rigs, and large ships that dump or lose debris directly into the water. The majority of this debris—about 705,000 tons—is fishing nets. More unusual items, such as computer monitors and LEGOs, come from dropped containers.While many different types of trash enter the ocean, plastics make up the majority of marine debris for two reasons. First, plastic’s, low cost, and mean that it’s being used in more and more and products.
Second, plastic goods do not biodegrade but instead, break down into smaller pieces.In the ocean, the sun breaks down these plastics into tinier and tinier pieces, a process known as. Most of this debris comes from plastic bags, bottle caps, plastic water bottles, and Styrofoam cups.Marine debris can be very to marine life in the gyre. For instance, loggerhead turtles often mistake plastic bags for jellies, their favorite food.
Albatrosses mistake plastic pellets for fish eggs and feed them to chicks, which die of or ruptured organs.Seals and other marine mammals are especially at risk. They can get entangled in abandoned plastic fishing nets, which are being discarded largely due to inclement weather and illegal fishing. Seals and other mammals often drown in these forgotten nets—a known as “.”Marine debris can also disturb marine food webs in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre.
As microplastics and other trash collect on or near the surface of the ocean, they block sunlight from reaching and below. Algae and plankton are the most common autotrophs, or producers, in the marine.
Autotrophs are organisms that can produce their own nutrients from carbon and sunlight.If algae and plankton communities are threatened, the entire food web may change. Animals that feed on algae and plankton, such as fish and turtles, will have less food. If populations of those animals, there will be less food for apex predators such as tuna, sharks, and whales. Eventually, becomes less and more for people.These dangers are compounded by the fact that plastics both out and harmful pollutants. As plastics break down through photodegradation, they leach out colorants and chemicals, such as bisphenol A (BPA), that have been linked to environmental and health problems. Conversely, plastics can also absorb pollutants, such as PCBs, from the seawater.
These chemicals can then enter the when consumed by marine life.Patching Up the PatchBecause the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is so far from any country’s coastline, no nation will take or provide the to clean it up. Charles Moore, the man who discovered the vortex, says cleaning up the garbage patch would “ any country” that tried it.Many individuals and international organizations, however, are dedicated to preventing the patch from growing.Cleaning up marine debris is not as easy as it sounds. Many microplastics are the same size as small sea animals, so nets designed to scoop up trash would catch these creatures as well. Even if we could design nets that would just catch garbage, the size of the oceans makes this job far too time-consuming to consider. The National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration’s Marine Debris Program has estimated that it would take 67 ships one year to clean up less than one percent of the North Pacific Ocean.Many expeditions have traveled through the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.
Charles Moore, who discovered the patch in 1997, continues to raise awareness through his own environmental organization, the Algalita Marine Research Foundation. During a 2014, Moore and his team used drones, to from above the of the trash below. The drones determined that there is 100 times more plastic by weight than previously measured. The team also discovered more permanent plastic features, or islands, some over 15 meters (50 feet) in length.All the floating plastic in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch inspired National Geographic Emerging Explorer David de Rothschild and his team at Adventure Ecology to create a large made of plastic bottles: the. The sturdiness of the Plastiki displayed the strength and durability of plastics, the creative ways that they can be repurposed, and the threat they pose to the when they don’t. In 2010, the crew successfully navigated the Plastiki from San Francisco, California, to Sydney, Australia.Scientists and explorers agree that limiting or eliminating our use of disposable plastics and increasing our use of biodegradable resources will be the best way to clean up the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Organizations such as the Plastic Pollution Coalition and the Plastic Oceans Foundation are using social media and direct action campaigns to support individuals, manufacturers, and businesses in their from, disposable plastics to biodegradable or reusable materials.
Quotable Captain'So on the way back to our home port in Long Beach, California, we decided to take a shortcut through the gyre, which few seafarers ever cross. Fishermen shun it because its waters lack the nutrients to support an abundant catch. Sailors dodge it because it lacks the wind to propel their sailboats.' Yet as I gazed from the deck at the surface of what ought to have been a pristine ocean, I was confronted, as far as the eye could see, with the sight of plastic.' It seemed unbelievable, but I never found a clear spot.
In the week it took to cross the subtropical high, no matter what time of day I looked, plastic debris was floating everywhere: bottles, bottle caps, wrappers, fragments. Months later, after I discussed what I had seen with the oceanographer Curtis Ebbesmeyer, perhaps the world's leading expert on flotsam, he began referring to the area as the 'eastern garbage patch.' Charles Moore, discoverer of the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, in an article for Natural History magazine in 2003. Strange CargoWhen ships are caught in storms, they often lose cargo to the oceans. The following are just a few of the strange items that have washed up on shores:. In 1990, five shipping containers of Nike sneakers and work boots were lost to the Pacific in a storm. People in Washington and Oregon snatched up the shoes on shore, holding swap meets to find matched pairs to wear or sell.
In 1992, rubber duckies floated in the Pacific when a ship lost tens of thousands of bathtub toys. The ducks were accompanied by turtles, beavers, and frogs. In 1994, a ship lost 34,000 pieces of hockey gear, including gloves, chest protectors, and shin guards. For information on user permissions, please read our. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact for more information and to obtain a license.
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TextText on this page is printable and can be used according to our.InteractivesAny interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. You cannot download interactives. Plastic is ubiquitous in our everyday lives.
Some plastics we can reuse or recycle—and many play important roles in areas like medicine and public safety—but other items, such as straws, are designed for only one use. In fact, more than 40 percent of plastic is used only once before it is thrown away, where it lingers in the environment for a long, long time. It often breaks down into smaller and smaller particles, called microplastics, which can be ingested by both animals and people.
Fortunately, there are things we can do to help—like stop using plastic bags, straws, and bottles, recycling when we can, and disposing of waste properly.Use these classroom resources to teach about ocean plastics and check back for more coming later this year! Plastic is ubiquitous in our everyday lives.
Some plastics we can reuse or recycle—and many play important roles in areas like medicine and public safety—but other items, such as straws, are designed for only one use. In fact, more than 40 percent of plastic is used only once before it is thrown away, where it lingers in the environment for a long, long time. It often breaks down into smaller and smaller particles, called microplastics, which can be ingested by both animals and people. Fortunately, there are things we can do to help—like stop using plastic bags, straws, and bottles, recycling when we can, and disposing of waste properly.Use these classroom resources to teach about ocean plastics and check back for more coming later this year!
New logo introduced atDovetail GamesCreator(s)Platform(s),November 1982; 37 years ago ( 1982-11): Steam EditionDecember 18, 2014; 4 years ago ( 2014-12-18)Microsoft Flight Simulator (often abbreviated as MSFS or FS) is a series of programs, marketed as, for, and earlier for. It is one of the longest-running, best-known and most comprehensive home flight simulator programs on the market. It was an early product in the application portfolio and differed significantly from Microsoft's other software, which was largely business-oriented. At 37 years old, it is the longest-running software product line for Microsoft, predating by three years. Microsoft Flight Simulator may be the longest-running series of all time, and has been credited with instigating the emergence of aviation-oriented as the predominant control method for PCs.began the development of Flight Simulator in 1977.
His company, initially distributed it for various personal computers. In 1981, Artwick was approached by Microsoft's who was interested in creating a 'definitive game' that would graphically demonstrate the difference between older 8-bit computers, such as the Apple II, and the new 16-bit computers, such as the IBM PC, still in development. In 1982, Artwick's company licensed a version of Flight Simulator for the to Microsoft, which marketed it as Microsoft Flight Simulator 1.00.In 2009, Microsoft, which was the department responsible for creating and maintaining the Flight Simulator series. In 2014, were granted the rights by Microsoft to port the Gold Edition of Microsoft's to and publish Flight Simulator X: Steam Edition.Microsoft announced a new installment at E3 in 2019, simply titled, to be released initially on PC and ported over to the Xbox at a later date. Main article: Release timeline 192020Microsoft Flight Simulator began as a set of articles written by in 1976 about a program. When the magazine editor said that subscribers wanted to buy the program, Bruce Artwick set to work to create it and incorporated a company called Corporation in 1977. The company began selling flight simulators for several computer platforms, including the,.
In 1979 subLOGIC released FS1 Flight Simulator for the. In 1980, subLOGIC released a version for the, and in 1982 they licensed an version with graphics to Microsoft, which was released as Microsoft Flight Simulator 1.00. It was unusual in that it was not an requiring an, but contained its own operating system, which displaced the installed one as long as the program was running. In the early days of less-than-100% systems, Flight Simulator and were used as unofficial compatibility test software for new PC clone models.subLOGIC continued to develop for other platforms and ported to the Apple II in 1983, the, and in 1984, and to the and in 1986.
Meanwhile, Bruce Artwick left subLOGIC and founded to continue his work on subsequent Microsoft releases, beginning with Microsoft Flight Simulator 3.0 in 1988. Microsoft Flight Simulator reached commercial maturity with version 3.1, and went on to encompass the use of 3D graphics and graphic hardware acceleration.continued to produce newer versions of the flight simulation software, adding features, such as new aircraft types and augmented scenery. The 2000 and 2002 versions were available in 'Standard' and 'Professional' editions, where the latter included more aircraft, tools and scenery options. The 2004 release (version 9) marked the celebration of one hundred years of powered flight and had only one edition. Flight Simulator X, released in 2006, returned to dual versions with a 'Standard' and a 'Deluxe' edition.The flying area encompasses planet Earth with varying degrees of detail and includes over 24,000 airports. There is an ever-growing list of scenery representing major landmarks and popular cities.
Landscape details become sparse as gameplay moves away from population centers within the flight simulator, particularly outside the United States, although a variety of Web sites offer scenery add-ons to remedy this.The three latest versions incorporate sophisticated weather simulation, along with the ability to download real-world weather data (first available with Flight Simulator 2000). Additional features in these newer versions include air traffic environments with interactive functions, new aircraft models from the historical to the modern, interactive lessons, challenges and aircraft checklists. The two latest versions of Microsoft Flight Simulator have a 'kiosk mode', which allows the application to be run in electronic located in public places like shopping malls.
Microsoft Flight Simulator has a wide selection of upgrades and add-ons, both free and commercial, official and fan-made.Microsoft Flight Simulator X. Main article:Microsoft Flight Simulator X is the most recent major release of Microsoft Flight Simulator. It includes a graphics engine upgrade and compatibility with preview.
It was released on October 17, 2006, in North America. There are two versions of the game, both on two DVDs. The 'Deluxe' edition contains the new integrated flight instrument system in three cockpits, additional aircraft, and missions, Tower Control capability in multiplayer mode, higher detail scenery for cities and airports and a Software Development Kit (SDK) for development. The main improvements are graphical.Microsoft has also released a Flight Simulator X demo, which contains three aircraft, two airports, and two missions. It is compatible with Windows XP SP2 and Windows Vista.Closure of the Aces Game Studio. See also:On January 22, 2009, it was reported that the development team was heavily affected by Microsoft's ongoing job cuts, with indications that the entire Microsoft Flight Simulator team had been laid off. Microsoft confirmed the closure of the on January 26, 2009, in a post on the official FSInsider Web site.
Stating 'This difficult decision was made to align Microsoft's resources with our strategic priorities. Microsoft Flight Simulator X will remain available at retail stores and Web retailers, the Flight Sim community will continue to learn from and encourage one another, and we remain committed to the Flight Simulator franchise for the long term.' According to former Aces employee Phil Taylor, the shutdown was not due to sales performance of, but due to management issues and delays in project delivery, combined with increased demand for staff. Speculation in the mainstream and gaming media was that future versions could be released as an Internet-based version, or on Microsoft's platform.In October 2009, two (out of over fifty) former members of the Aces Game Studio formed a new game studio called the Cascade Game Foundry for the development of simulation games. Third-party developer agreements Lockheed Martin Prepar3D In late 2007, Aces Game Studio announced Microsoft ESP (Enterprise Simulation Platform), a development platform for companies that want to create products that use the technology in Flight Simulator.
Following the closure of the Aces Game Studio in January 2009, announced in late 2009 that they had negotiated with Microsoft a licensing agreement to purchase the intellectual property (including source code) for the Microsoft ESP product. It is the commercial-use version of Flight Simulator X SP2. On May 17, 2010, Lockheed announced that the new product based upon the ESP source code would be called Prepar3D (P3D). Lockheed hired members of the original Aces Game Studio team to continue development of the product.In November 2010, Lockheed Martin debuted Prepar3D version 1. Version 1.1 was released in April 2011, with a retail license cost of US$499. A developer license is also available for a monthly fee of US$9.95.
In March 2012, along with the release of version 1.3, the pricing strategy was revised. The Professional edition is now available for US$199, with an Academic License available for US$59.95.After releasing version 2 in 2013 and version 3 in 2015, the team released 64-bit version 4 in May 2017.Dovetail Games Microsoft Flight Simulator X: Steam Edition On July 9, 2014, announced that Microsoft had granted them rights to develop the next Flight Simulator in the series. Dovetail Games also announced the release of Flight Simulator X: Gold Edition on for late 2014, titled Microsoft Flight Simulator X: Steam Edition. It was released on December 18, 2014. It is a re-release and includes content that was provided with the original FSX: Gold Edition which includes FSX: Deluxe Edition, the Acceleration expansion pack and both official Service Packs and repackages them in one bundle and a single installation. The Steam Edition includes 'all standard Steam functionality', including an overhaul of the multiplayer support to go through Steam rather than the now-defunct, improved stability on and, and features minor performance tweaks including a complete recompile using.Additionally, Dovetail Games has worked with existing developers and publishers to distribute their content on Steam as DLC. Currently, there are over 100 add-ons for FSX: Steam Edition from over 35 developers available on the Steam store including Aerosoft, Orbx Simulation Systems, Real Environment Xtreme (REX), Carenado, Virtavia, and others.Flight Sim World In May 2017, Dovetail Games announced Flight Sim World, based on the codebase of Flight Simulator X, and released later that month.
Only a year later, on April 23, 2018, Dovetail announced end of development of Flight Sim World and the end of sales effective May 15, 2018. Microsoft Flight. Main article:Microsoft released a new simulator in February 2012, titled, designed to replace the Microsoft Flight Simulator series and aimed at drawing new users into flight gaming. While claiming to be simpler to use for inexperienced users, it is incompatible with Flight Simulator, and does not allow the use of existing Flight Simulator add-ons (including aircraft, objects, and photographic scenery). On July 26, 2012, Microsoft cancelled further development of Flight.
Microsoft Flight Simulator (2020 reboot). Main article:On June 9, 2019, Microsoft revealed that they will be bringing back the Flight Simulator series with an updated release, simply titled, as part of their E3 conference and with a teaser video on their Xbox YouTube channel. On the same day, Microsoft launched a new website for the title and opened registration for a public alpha and early forum access for members of the Xbox Insider Program. The new version features tight integration of 4K ground satellite data and Microsoft's own Azure AI into the simulator's engine to generate near photorealistic graphics.This is Microsoft's first simulator since Flight Simulator X in 2006 and Microsoft Flight in 2012. This will also be the first of the Microsoft Flight Simulator series to not be PC exclusive, as this installment is also launching on the Xbox One. Assumed the lead developer role. Release date, pricing, and other features are yet to be announced.
The simulator is due to be released first in 2020 on PC. Add-ons, customisation and community involvement. See also:The long history and consistent popularity of Flight Simulator has encouraged a very large body of add-on packages to be developed as both commercial and volunteer ventures. A formal and other tools for the simulator exist to further facilitate third-party efforts, and some third parties have also learned to 'tweak' the simulator in various ways by trial and error. As for number of add-ons, tweaks, and modifications Flight Simulator can accommodate solely depends on the user's hardware setup. The number is not limited by the simulator, and when multiple computers are linked together with multiple monitors and third party software and controls, Flight Simulator enthusiasts can build their own realistic home cockpits.Aircraft. A PMDG of 'American Flight Airways'; in AFA Express colorsIndividual attributes of Flight Simulator aircraft that can be customized include: cockpit layout, cockpit image, aircraft model, aircraft model textures, aircraft flight characteristics, scenery models, scenery layouts and scenery textures, often with simple-to-use programs, or only a text editor such as 'Notepad'.
Dedicated 'flightsimmers' have taken advantage of Flight Simulator's vast add-on capabilities, having successfully linked Flight Simulator to homebuilt hardware, some of which approaches the complexity of commercial full-motion flight simulators.The simulator's aircraft are made up of five parts:. The model, which is a 3D CAD-style model of the aircraft's exterior and virtual cockpit, if applicable. Models consist of two distinct sections - the main chassis or 'core', and accessories or dynamic parts, such as the landing gear or ailerons. The textures, bitmap images which the game layers onto the model. These can be easily edited (known as repainting), so that a model can adopt any paint scheme imaginable, fictional or real.
The sounds, literally what the aircraft sounds like. This is determined by defining which WAV files the aircraft uses as its sound-set. The panel, a representation of the aircraft's cockpit. This includes one or more bitmap images of the panel, instrument gauge files, and sometimes its own sounds. The FDE, or Flight Dynamics Engine. FS2004 in the UK with VFR photo scenery and terrain additional componentsScenery add-ons usually involve replacements for existing airports, with enhanced and more accurate detail, or large expanses of highly detailed ground scenery for specific regions of the world. Some types of scenery add-on replace or add structures to the simulator.
Both freeware and payware scenery add-ons are very widely available. Airport enhancements, for example, range from simple add-ons that update runways or taxiways to very elaborate packages that reproduce every lamp, pavement marking, and structure at an airport with near-total accuracy, including animated effects such as baggage cars or marshalling agents. Wide-area scenery enhancements may use detailed satellite photos and 3-D structures to closely reproduce real-world regions, particularly those including large cities, landmarks, or spectacular natural wonders.Flight networks Virtual flight networks such as, and as well as use special, small add-on modules for Flight Simulator to enable connection to their proprietary networks in multiplayer mode, and to allow for voice and text communication with other virtual pilots and controllers over the network. These networks allow players to enjoy and enhance realism in their game. These networks are for ATC (air traffic control).Miscellanea Some utilities, such as FSUIPC, merely provide useful tweaks for the simulator to overcome design limitations or bugs, or to allow more extensive interfacing with other third-party add-ons. (Press release).
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can be played for free in the browser at the.